Breath analysis by laser ‘could one day screen for diabetes, cancer’

8 Jul

Researchers hope a laser system they are developing will one day be able to

rapidly screen for diseases like cancer, diabetes and infections using exhaled

breath.

exhaled breath highlighted
Our breath contains molecular byproducts of our metabolism.

The team from the University of Adelaide in Australia say the “optical dog’s nose”

they have created has the potential to detect disease fast, noninvasively and on

site.

The system uses a special laser spectrometer to analyze the molecular composition of a

sample of gas.

Dr. James Anstie, a researcher at Adelaide’s Institute for Photonics and Advanced

Sensing, says:

“Rather than sniffing out a variety of smells as a dog would, the laser

spectrometry system uses light to ‘sense’ the range of molecules that are present in the

sample.”

In the journal Optics Express, he and his colleagues describe how they used

optical spectroscopy to measure the light-absorption patterns of different molecules fast

and accurately.

More and more scientists are working in the new field of breath analysis. Our breath

contains molecular byproducts of our body’s metabolism – the work that goes on in cells

to keep us alive and healthy.

When things go wrong – like disease – the mix of metabolic byproducts in our breath

changes.

Dr. Anstie explains that teams around the world have published a number of studies

describing how it may be possible to use breath analysis to detect diseases like lung and

esophageal cancer, asthma and diabetes, even before they show external symptoms.

‘Optical frequency comb’

Dr. Anstie says the system he and his team are developing offers a number of potential

advantages: near-instant results, high sensitivity, and the ability to test for a range

of molecules at the same time. This would make it attractive for broad-scale health

screening, he notes.

A key feature of the system is the “optical frequency comb” – a highly

accurate spectrometer that records the spectral result of shining a million different

light frequencies on the gas sample in parallel.

Different molecules absorb light at different frequencies, giving each a unique

optical fingerprint. Dr. Anstie explains what they have to do next:

“We now have a robust system to be able to detect the presence and

concentrations of molecules in a sample. The next step is to work out how to accurately

sample and interpret the levels which will naturally vary from person to

person.”

He and his team hope to have a prototype system up and running in 2-3 years, and a

commercial “plug and play” product in 3-5 years.

Dr. Anstie gives an account of their “optical dog’s nose” laser system in the

following video.

Funds from the study came from the Australian Research Council, the Premier’s Research

and Industry Fund and a South Australian Government Catalyst Research Grant.

Meanwhile, Medical News Today recently learned how another group of

researchers is wondering if a different kind “sniff test” might help diagnose autism. In a Current

Biology paper, Noam Sobel, of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel, and

colleagues describe how they identified differences in the way people with autism

respond to smells, suggesting this could be used for early diagnosis of the

condition.

Written by Catharine Paddock PhD